Friday, September 4, 2020

Homeschooling Essay -- Homeschool Education Teaching Essays

Self-teaching The meaning of self-teaching is to train an understudy in an instructive program outside of built up schools (www.Dictionary.com). Self-teaching is a decent option in contrast to government funded schools in light of certain strict issues, state administered test achievement, and assortment of choices for self-teach understudies, yet in certain states homeschoolers are experiencing difficulty with the educational system. Self-teaching has been on the ascent in the United States and its ubiquity keeps on developing among American families. As indicated by the U.S Department of Education, in 2003 there were 1.1 million youngsters in grades K through 12 being self-taught . The 3 most mainstream purposes behind self-teaching are worries about the earth of different schools, want for strict or moral guidance, and disappointment with scholarly guidance at different schools (2003 National Household Education Survey). Numerous guardians have depended on self-teaching their kids in light of certain strict issues and convictions that these families see as not being instructed in the state funded educational systems. Numerous guardians pick this technique on the grounds that most state funded schools don't take part in strict exercises and guardians need their youngsters to be shown religion additionally, aside structure regular examinations. Religion is additionally a major factor in light of the fact that the convictions of these families and things they esteem and some accept that their kid being in a state funded school condition will mess with these convictions and qualities. Some government funded schools around the nation do at present show great qualities to their understudies and do have confidence in asking before school. There are a great deal of strict associations around the nation urging guardians to make a penance for their youngsters and show them at home. A few... ...are placed in the public eye. Schools were arrangement to instruct individuals who are not taught and help understudies to their best capacity so as to set them up for the outside world (Lyman,Isabel). With most schools simply going children through school as opposed to setting aside the effort to really show them, they are not helping society out in light of the fact that these children have no abilities to bring to society to better it. Homeschooliing gives the individual the consistently developing populace of children being self-taught it is nothing unexpected that more individuals are beginning to understand the advantages of self-teaching and considering it to be a positive option in contrast to government funded schools. A few states are having issues with guidelines, yet most are doing fine and dandy with the change. Self-teaching is a smart thought as a result of strict issues, its prosperity on government sanctioned tests, and the choices open to kids who are self-taught .

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

The influence of women's wear on American fashion and design Research Paper

The impact of ladies' wear on American style and structure - Research Paper Example Donna Karan and her impact Donna Karan’s impact was particularly showed in the sportswear structures, which came to unmistakable quality in the American style and plan industry during the last long stretches of the twentieth century. Different women’s wear influencers - These incorporate Claire McCardell, Bonnie Cashen, Tina Lesser, Clare Potter, Tina Lesser just as Emily Wilkins. These ladies and others are investigated and the job they played in setting free the American style plan from the fortifications of the Parisian structure, with another norms of structures, for instance bodices and new support structures. Women’s wear has ruled the American style and structure for quite a while, and the impact they have is a significant subject that planners should grasp and see well. The American style industry is inundated with enormous names from Clare McCardell to Donna Karan, among others, famous design planners who have left a major imprint to the business in the American as well as the International circle. The accompanying paper is an appraisal of routes through which women’s wear has affected American style and structure. The paper will investigate the accompanying three affecting elements. Right off the bat, crafted by Claire McCardell and their impact to the American style and plan industry are investigated. The compelling work of Donna Karan is likewise inspected. Different impacts analyzed in detail are the impacts of different women’s wear during the 1920s and the 1930s, a period when crafted by enormous names as of now made a permanent imprint to the American design industry too. The impact of Claire McCardell to the American style and configuration is huge. Along with other ladies, for instance Elizabeth Hawkes, Vera Maxell and Bonnie Cashin, McCardell is perceived as one of the significant symbols of American style. Claire McCardell was a rising star during the 1930s, and Buxbaum composes of her impact

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Cold War Case Essay Example for Free

Cold War Case Essay The Cold War was a challenge between the USA and the Soviet Union. It prompted the presence of thousands of atomic weapons, two all inclusive belief systems in strife, and two diverse mental self views, the United States supporting a world made safe for majority rule government. Its rival, the Soviet Union supported world Communism. The United States highly esteems its legacy of opportunity, a shelter for oppressed strict gatherings, a place that is known for freedom that effectively defied the royal intensity of Britain in 1776. Its core values were the security of the individual’s life, freedom and quest for bliss and the foundation of a constitution that typified the best political thought of present day times, an arrangement of balanced governance with the goal that the president, Congress or parliament and legal executive or Supreme Court shared force, checking each other’s work to prepare for fascism. While the United States didn't in every case satisfy its goals, regardless, on paper in any event, it looked great contrasted with its Cold War rival, the Soviet Union. Driven by a dangerous despot, Joseph Stalin (1928 to 1953), the Soviet government was fierce, prohibiting all restriction, prohibited ideological groups contradicted to the Communist Party, killed millions and set up an immense jail camp framework known as the Gulag. In the years 1937-38 alone, Stalin requested the execution of one million residents of the Soviet Union. In the fifty years of the Cold War, the United States just executed two of its own residents, the couple Rosenberg spy group. Despite the fact that the Rosenbergs ought not have been executed on the grounds that their wrongdoings were little with regards to the Civil War, the distinction between the United States and the Soviet Union as far as political mass homicide of its own residents is self-evident. Regardless of this reality, 33% of the world went the Communist way and different nations were enticed by the guarantees of Communism. How could this be? In principle, Communism guaranteed a progressively equivalent world and at its most prominent degree during the 1970s, Communist governments administered 33% of the world’s individuals. These were generally poor nations searching for a fast method to industrialize. These nations viewed the United States as a victor of the rich and incredible, an exploitative superpower that sent out its financial arrangement of private enterprise simply because it fit its inclinations to do as such. Since the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States walks the world as the sole superpower. The United States keeps up its hold on this unipolar world without putting forth an excessive amount of attempt. The United States spends just around 5-6% of its economy (its gross national item) on safeguard. The Soviet Union spent somewhere close to 20% and 33% of its economy to attempt to stay aware of the United States during the Cold War. It couldn’t keep up the pace. The situation of the United States has declined just somewhat in the twentieth century. In 1928, its economy was multiple times the size of its closest adversary (France) and in 1950 its economy was multiple times the size of its closest opponent (the Soviet Union). It isn't only an issue of monetary or military force. American movies and well known music ruled the mass culture of the world from World War One to the current day. In 1994, the greatest selling film in Austria, France, Germany, Argentina and Mexico was The Lion King, an American animation. The Flinstones was the top rated film in Poland and Turkey. Forrest Gump won Finland and Norway. Remember that force is anticipated and wars can be won by military and financial methods as well as by winning what is presently a universal culture war. A hesitant domain? The United States extended its wilderness in North America all through the eighteenth century and after triumph over Spain in 1898 turned into a sea power whose realm extended as far west as the Philippines. Since the time the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, the United States has swore itself to keep the European forces from interceding in the western half of the globe, explicitly Latin America. Following its triumph over Spain in 1898, the Untied States showed up as a politically influential nation. For some Native Americans and African-American slaves, a portion of the talk of opportunity didn't sound valid. In any case, America’s guarantee of opportunity and opportunity pulled in vagrants from everywhere throughout the world. They showed up in New York at the pace of a million every year in the mid 1900s. Because of Europe’s implosion in World War One (1914-18), the United States turned into the prevailing monetary and political force on the planet. It would later depict itself as a hesitant realm, a just express whose point was to spread its standards over the world however not to control in the manner that European domains had done before. However, what might it do with this force? England and France, debilitated by the loss of Russia through upheaval, had the option to beat Germany just with America’s help. Wilson accepted that the estimations of the United States were in certainty widespread estimations of harmony and popular government. In 1918 Woodrow Wilson, the American president distributed his Fourteen Points which required a popularity based harmony dependent on the privileges of self assurance everything being equal and the setting up of a universal body, the League of Nations, to tackle clashes. Be that as it may, the world was evolving. In Russia in 1917 Lenin and his Communist Party had come to control. Far and away more terrible for Wilson, his thoughts were dismissed in his own nation, the United States. Wilson was satisfied that the Treaty of Versailles that finished World War One built up a League of Nations, yet then found that the United States would not join. The League of Nations was dismissed by the Senate, the upper place of the US Congress. Rather the Untied States attempted to make sure about its future through the Washington Conference of 1921-22 which concurred that the US Navy ought to be of equivalent solidarity to the biggest naval force on the planet, the British. During the 1920s and 30s, American international strategy was ruled by noninterference, a refusal to intercede in Europe in any event, when fasicsts, nazis and socialists were on the walk against American-style vote based system in Europe. The individuals who bolster American force on the planet today despite everything stress that if the remainder of the world reprimands the United States a lot of it will withdraw into its shell again and leave Europe and Australia helpless before another (apparently Asian) strict fascim. Regardless of or in light of its marvelous financial development, American private enterprise hit a significant tangle in the Great Depression that started in 1929 and monetary issues expanded the temperament of nonintervention in the US open, that is a mind-set of cutting the United States off from the world’s inconveniences. The president to remove the US from the Depression was Franklin D. Roosevelt, who presented his New Deal. It was Roosevelt who might bring the USA into the Second World War yet simply after Japan assaulted Pearl Harbor in 1941, stopping the contention for detachment. The USA endured in excess of 300,000 passings in World War Two, generally warriors. Be that as it may, as in World War One this was a generally little cost to pay for what was an immense triumph. The Soviet Union now under Joseph Stalin lost 27-30 million individuals, most of which were regular people. Toward the finish of world War Two, the United States had another and amazing weapon, the nuclear bomb that it needed to used to drive japan to give up in 1945. Under president Truman from 1945-52, the United States marked out another job as the world’s cop whose task it was to shield the majority rule and free ‘West’ from the oppression of Stalin’s Communism in the Soviet Union. The United States would win the Cold War, in huge part as a result of its proceeding with monetary achievement. Just before its breakdown in 1990, the GNP of the Soviet Union was around 33% of that of the USA, despite the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union had practically indistinguishable populace sizes. The key to America’s achievement? In contrast to the Soviet Union, which explored different avenues regarding another and untried financial model of a state-rune economy, the Untied States had a demonstrated monetary model of private enterprise. It had its shortcomings, for example, disparity and emergencies of joblessness however energized development and productivity such that the Soviet framework didn't.

Resistance to Change in Organizations Essay Sample free essay sample

It’s non the most grounded of the species that endures. nor the most insightful. be that as it may, the one generally antiphonal to change. ~ Charles Darwin Organizational modifications are changes that are made in the general model of an organization. for example, rebuilding in areas. modifications in arrangements. or on the other hand modifications in progress. It straight influences all areas. from the section degree representative to bearing. Any worry in today’s quick moving condition that is searching for the walk of change to decelerate is probably going to be woefully vanquished. Truth be told. concerns ought to envelop change. Change is of import for any association in light of the fact that. without modification. concerns would likely lose their competitory fringe and disregard to run into the requests of faithful customers. Be that as it may. workers and even associations in general. be given to oppose change some clasp or the other. Since modification is an imperative part of the advancement of the association. executives must be conscious of the reasons for this restriction and thus actualize the proper procedures to show signs of improvement of this. regardless of whether it be on a hierarchical degree or a single degree. Self association ; losing something of significant worth is perhaps something anybody will resist. Workers regularly oppose any kind of change they accept will do them. to weave up losing by and by regardless of whether it is for more prominent's benefit. They either remain to lose wage. force or eminence. Everybody needs to cognize how the change will affect them by and by. They other than oppose adjustment to set themselves at effortlessness and abstain from taking a danger. They fool themselves into thinking everything will all turn out to be some time or another without anyone else just so they would non hold to go through the strategy of modification. Moreover. different representatives oppose adjustment for grounds, for example, inflexibleness and uncertainness. They will non digest modification. since they have a vested contribution in keeping the position quo. It does non tally how pellucid the advantages of adjustment will be to the association. Other than. on the off chance that representatives need appropriate data about the great beyond of the association and about fut ure occasions that will take to significant adjustment. they will go dreadful of the obscure and obviously oppose adjustment. Vulnerability undermines those workers who have a low resistance for change and the individuals who dread whatever is non regular. They do non cognize how they will be influenced by the change. They are worried about whether they will mensurate up to the new technique. or then again in the event that they are prepared to deal with the new building in the mode expected of them. Not cognizing what may go on. as often as possible prompts rise uneasiness and opposing modification is one of the tension cut bringing down activities they utilize. Moreover. representatives become wary of management’s purposes in actualizing programs that will take to change. They may hold had old involvement in executives who endeavored and bombed in shipping out exercisings in actualizing adjustment in an unconventional segment. The representatives see these frail endeavors as disappointment and as an outcome. have a negative attitude on structures they can non swear. They in this way oppose change that takes after past encounters that includes chiefs whom they could non swear. Other than. different workers oppose adjustment since they are reluctant to go forward their customary ranges of f amiliarity and travel after what they genuinely need. It would force them to extend their solace to suit the new strategies included. Indeed individuals think that its characteristic to set things off that alarm them. also, support the finishes. that expect them to step out of their customary ranges of familiarity and take a risk. They oppose go forthing their usual ranges of familiarity. despite the fact that going would plan certain upward portability for them. For delineation. a worker is offered an exposure in another area yet with this exposure. he presently needs to modify his uniform. his hands on hours. his area each piece great as his carbon monoxide laborers. On the other hand of including change and tolerating his new obligations. he liked to stay at his present area. with his â€Å"friends† and all that he before long has. only so he would non hold to do the relinquish to go out of his way to change such a significant number of standard examples throughout his life. Beside single restriction. associations in general other than oppose adjustments. A few associations are intended to the point that they oppose new contemplations. The significant reason for this kind of restriction are: hazard to control ; upper heading looks at change as a danger to their capacity. approval and spot. They dread that new approaches forced for case by the specialists. may follow in them losing their position. Other than executions, for example, participative assurance concocting and self-guided work crews influence their expectation. Furthermore. organizations oppose adjustment in their authoritative development. Especially bureaucratic developments where occupations are barely characterized and stream of data is worried to start to finish. This is ordinarily in light of the fact that change in one segment of these developments cannot go on without doing break in all degrees. Other well known grounds to oppose modification are asset restrictions and sunk expenses. On the off chance that workers do acknowledge modification. associations must hold the assets to suit the new modifications. For delineation if planning operators are recruited. the organization needs to hold adequate financial assets to pay them what's more compensation their representatives. In the event that they are n on outfitted with satisfactory assets. they will challenge change. Other than. it makes a vocation for top bearing in light of the fact that a clump of capital would hold previously been put resources into fixed resources and groundwork for workers for their present occupations. In this way. It would completely venture out to blow if adjustment is actualized. so again the association opposes adjustment. Change in the association is extremely of import since adjustment can and impacts the association at various degrees and in various manners. In any case. show signs of improvement ofing restriction to adjust is non a basic and continuous forward methodology. Show signs of improvement ofing restriction. preliminaries managers’ relational achievements. since it expects them to utilize a variety of procedures to comfort the fears and support the affirmation of workers. There are a few manners by which this can be accomplished. Commitment and commitment ; workers should be associated with the assurance contriving technique. It is non likely they will oppose a modification which they were segment of make up ones disapproving. It is of import to secure all assumptions and dissuasions out in the loosened with the goal that course can unclutter up any misinter pretations and take vulnerability from their head. Management’s end ought to determine participation now in order to increment hierarchical committedness and henceforth improve ofing restriction to change. Ordinarily. the activity originates from hapless conveying. Erroneous data is gone through the association doing representatives to confuse. The justification for modification must be imparted obviously and without uncertainty. Successful conveying can help unclutter up trepidation of obscure components. A comprised type of conveying ought to other than be built up so executives can guide out data directly to their laborers and they can get input in an opportune mode. This would help convey workers to acknowledge and get changes. Be that as it may. in the event that representatives are unyielding with challenging. bearing can arraign in exchange and understanding where the expense and advantage must be adjusted to help all gatherings. In the event that this technique comes up short. executives can fall back to utilization of data where heading turns and contorts the realities to do them look increasingly appealing. continue backing negative data and manufacture bogus talk to procure representatives to acknowledge adjustment. This by and by. may non be viewed as moral. If all else fails. chiefs may fall back to pressure. which might be in the signifier of hazards influencing loss of occupations and retaining of exposures. Work of this move is neer a wonderful methodology and typically delivers results which are attractive neither by bearing nor representatives. In choice. change in its numerous indications is unavoidable. however, can be settled from multiple points of view. on the off chance that chiefs make utilization of legitimate executing of their maps of arranging. taking. framing and directing to usefully pull off restriction to change in the authoritative development. All associations experience the ill effects of idleness to some review at some clasp or another when they attempt to keep the position quo. Change by and by. requires endeavor and now and again it requires significant endeavor. Representatives and associations. who are generally safe to modify. be given to be the individuals who are long-serving representatives and great set up associations who have a group of understanding and standard examples. It is subsequently in management’s association to support these workers and all others in show signs of improvement ofing their trepidation of change. Catalog * hypertext move convention:/www. entrepreneurshipinabox. com/223/factors-that-makes obstruction hierarchical change/* hypertext move convention:/ezinearticles. com/? Procedures For-Overcoming-Resistance-To-Organizational-Change A ; id=866833 * hypertext move convention:/www. mbaknol. com/the executives ideas/reasons for protection from hierarchical change/* hypertext move convention:/www. mbaknol. com/the board ideas/approaches to-defeat protection from authoritative change/

Friday, August 21, 2020

Reservior Dogs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reservior Dogs - Essay Example They are totally hopeful that the theft will be effective. They are hence taken by an unexpected when law authorities rise at the specific spot and time they are executing the arrangement. Over the span of the following showdown with the police, one of their own is slaughtered with a couple of cops and regular people escape with weapon wounds. At the point when the enduring criminals meet at the assigned meet point after the difficulty they start to derive that one of them is functioning as a covert cop. Joe Cabot a wrongdoing organizer contracts five hooligans to loot a precious stone crowd. Despite the fact that the lawbreakers are practically sure that the arrangement will succeed, the police bungled the burglary. As the crooks pull together in the stockroom to talk about the ineffective theft, they consider the chance of a set-up. The story is communicated in type of a flashback while Tarantino keeping up a component of anticipation by not uncovering the real precious stone store (Berardinelli, Repository Dogs). Plot development and foundation Tarantino has utilized a mind boggling plot development which is exceptionally compelling in the advancement of the story line. He has taken out the distribution center setting’s claustrophobia and has rather offered a shimmering foundation on the theft plot, the covert police officer’s exercises and the thugs’ forceful connections. ... Sally Menke is powerful at cutting and keeps up the whole scenes firm and the time-hopping plot definitive. The time bouncing plot of the film guarantees that the film is short yet intriguing. A portion of the subtleties particularly the genuine burglary in the precious stone store is kept off-camera. This aides in making a sort of secret in the plot development. In spite of the fact that the film is astoundingly savage from the primary scene to the last, Tarantino has kept up the showdown between the hooligans and the cops off camera (Berardinelli, Supply Dogs). Since the messed up burglary is the significant part on which the film is made, leaving the subtleties unrevealed is a one of a kind method of making anticipation. The executive depicts the showdown and the following outcomes through a discourse between various on-screen characters in the cast. The whole film is shot after the bungled burglary and the conversations and secrets confronting the hooligans make the film spellbin ding. This is consequently not an ordinary wrongdoing film on the grounds that the significant piece of the encounter between the hooligans and the cops isn't appeared to the crowd. This makes the film unadulterated and regular subsequently causing it to show up as a reality (Berardinelli, Repository Dogs). Film position Tarantino figured out how to limit the found secured while making the film by guaranteeing that the throwing took long in one area. This empowered him to spare a ton on the restricted assets that were accessible to make the film. Creations that are length as a rule go through a great deal of cash and can be expensive. In Tarantino’s case, time and assets are spared by restricting the developments in shooting and guaranteeing that no time is lost while moving from

Tuesday, August 4, 2020

How to Get an Interview 5 Essential Cover Letter Tips

How to Get an Interview 5 Essential Cover Letter Tips I absolutely love the process of crafting great cover letters.   You may have heard that some recruiters don’t read cover letters, but I would emphasize “some.”   For the ones who do (and you don’t know who they will be), and for smaller employers, an impressive cover letter can make a huge difference. Your cover letter can show recruiters and hiring managers a little bit about how you would show up in an interview. Here are 5 cover letter tips that will get you in the door! 1) Tailor the cover letter to the job posting. I get a lot of requests from clients to write them a generic cover letter that they can use for any application. Every time, I refuse. My advice: NEVER write a generic cover letter. It will hurt you not help you. A company can smell it when you’ve used the same letter for multiple other job applications, and they don’t like it. Instead, read the job description. Research the company. And in your cover letter, tell the company why you want to work for them specifically. What interests you about their mission and vision? What’s your connection to that brand? Writing that kind of letter will get the attention of the decision-maker. 2) Impress your reader quickly. In the first paragraph, after you say what job you’re applying to, list briefly the major reasons you are the right candidate for the job. This task can be done in just a few words. Yes, really, it can! For example: My experience as senior project manager at Blue Shoes, combined with my extensive coursework in business management at Green Vest University, give me the requisite skills for the Project Manager position at Purple Fashion Inc. Note:  The reader doesn’t have to wonder whether you’ve got the training and experience for the position.   He or she has a reason to read further. 3) Give them what they need. Say not what the company can do for you, but what you can do for the company (they couldnt care less how great a match they are for your interests!) Do NOT say:  I have always been interested in fashion and the position at Purple Fashion Inc. will give me the experience I seek. Aaargh!!  Companies are not in the business of giving you the experience you seek.  They hire people who will make a contribution, not suck the life out of them! Instead, say something like:  I have been studying business and working in the fashion industry for the entirety of my academic and professional career, and I look forward to contributing my skills and passion to Purple Fashion Inc. 4) Tell a good, brief story. This tip applies more to smaller organizations who take time to read your cover letter. The person reading your cover letter is a human being, and human beings like stories. If you do a good job with your cover letter, the reader will be enthralled and left wanting more. Thats the effect you want! Here’s a sample story:  In 2008, I worked with our product design and marketing teams to implement a new product campaign, and  it became clear that certain production costs would have to be reduced.  Through my leadership, our team cut those costs by 30% without any labor reduction, and the campaign became profitable in the sixth month of operation.  I will bring this capability for incisive and effective decision making to Purple Fashion Inc. 5) Match your points to the skills sought by the company. Include bullet points in your cover letter that speak exactly to the skill set listed in the job description. This can be different for every job you apply to. Make sure you address the top requirements of this company, vs. some generic company that might be a match for what you’ve done. My clients have great success getting interviews, and I know at least part of that success is due to their effective cover letters. Use the above cover letter tips to create an engaging document that will win interviews. Don’t forget the resume of course, which must be tailored to the job and packed with your accomplishments! For assistance with writing cover letters and resumes that will get you interviews, contact The Essay Expert.

Thursday, June 25, 2020

Culture Reaction Asians Essay - 1375 Words

Culture Reaction: Asians Essay (Reaction Paper Sample) Content: Cultural Reaction paper: The perspective of AsiansNameCourseInstitutionDate IntroductionAsians are a group of people originating from the Asian continent. Asia is the largest continent in the world in terms of landmass and probably in population as well. Though considered an ethnic group in other locations, Asian community had many sub ethnics that make it the most diversified ethnic group in the world. Due to characterization with many sub ethnic groups, it is expectable that Asians exhibit various cultural behaviors. The variation depends on the side of the continent that a person originates. However, the Asian sub ethnic groups have some common cultural practices that lead to their identification in collective manner as Asians. Sociopolitical HistoriesSince the Asian community encompasses many sub ethnic divisions, it is expectable that they have different political ideologies. The political history of the Asian ethnic group characterize with monarchial structures and dictatorial political ideologies. The group also preferred small government structures that provide services to the public (Ebrey, Wathall Palais, 2009). Society in the historical Asian community is a combination of families glued together with principles of collectivism. Society was important and contained greater value than individuals contain. The interest of the community surpassed that of individuals. Asian WorldviewsThe Asians traditional worldview considers universe with the entire cosmos belonging to a single organism. All parts of the cosmos have a role to participate in the process of generating life in the world. The worldview advocates that human beings find a harmonious way to live and coexist with the nature. Ebrey, Wathall and Palais (2009) report that majority of the Asian sub ethnic groups view the world with a collectivist lens. The general Asian ethnic emphasize family cohesion and respect among its members. The group also advocate for obedience to the author ity and respect for the elders. Personal discipline and self-control are of utmost importance among the Asians. Families and individuals should interdepend on each other. The group also recommends shaming for controlling behaviors. The group or community in the Asian worldview is always superior to individual interests. Cultural IdentityCultural identity is one of the most controversial aspects of the Asian ethnic group. The fact is attributable to the discrimination faced by the people of Asian origin who migrate to America. Identification with culture among Asians is easier in Asian dominated states or towns. In such settings, Asians tend to identify with their specific mother countries when expressing their cultural believes. The strength of the ethnic community that a child grows in affects their identity. Children growing within ethnic communities that are cohesive, and participate in co-ethnic activities such as a churches or peer groups identify with their national origin suc h as Japanese-American among others (Collet Lien, 2009). Asians who live in the open American societies with other ethnic groups have the tendency to immerse in the American culture. Such individuals learn English and adopt full American cultures. Social discrimination especially in public places is the reason that many Asians within America shun their cultures and want to identify as Americans. Religious PracticesAsian Continent is probably the origin of most of the world religions. The continent identifies with many religious practices, and has not attachment to one set of religion. Religious practices are somewhat specific for the sub ethnic groups. For instance, most Indians practice Hinduism as some practice Buddhism. Some other communities practice Christianity and Judaism religions. The Japanese are mostly Shinto and Buddhist, collectively estimating at 84%. The Philippines are ardent followers of the Roman Catholic, which is a division of Christianity (Abazov, 2007). In tha t line, it is difficult to decipher a specific religious practice to cover for the entire Asian ethnic group even in America. In fact, statistics by the America Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) of 2008 showed that majority of Asians do not identify with any religion. In fact, the group with no affiliation to any religious group was the largest and standing at 27%. Cultural NormsThe Asian community practices nearly similar cultural norms. Many sub ethnic groups place masculine gender above the feminine gender. In some extreme practices, male children have great authority over their mothers when determining certain aspects of the family (Collet Lien, 2009). In the Asian culture, avoiding direct starring when talking to someone is a sign of respect. The practice is especially required when a young person engages with an elder. Most Asian communities encourage descent-dressing codes, which do not expose much of the body parts as done in the Western communities. Women dresses shou ld not expose the breasts, and cover better parts of the body. Childrearing Practices among AsiansChild parenting is stricter within the Asian ethnic group. To understand the model of parenting, it is important to consider the organization and structure of family. The Asian ethnic group considers the family and society as the epicenter of individuals life (Ebrey Wathall, 2014). The community teaches its generations the significance of loyalty and obligation to the family. Each individual has an obligation to care for others. In that respect, parents tend to spend more of their time attending to the children and training about good morals. The parenting style is strict and sometimes involves physical punishment to reinforce adherence to the moral conducts. Even though both parents play important roles in parenting, mothers have the greatest responsibilities as they usually remain near children as fathers go to work to sustain the family dynamics. According to Abazov (2007), Asian pa renting style demands that children accept the top-down communication system. When parents talk, children have an obligation to maintain silence and receive instructions. Talking back is usually a show of disrespect to the elders. In traditional Asian community, fathers do not start direct conversations with their children but maintain distance. Fathers only engage directly with the children in case involving misbehavior that...

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Social Sexism Language

Sample details Pages: 34 Words: 10304 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Social Sexism Language Abstract There is no denying that communication is one of the keys to success for individuals in a rapidly changing world. Why do mere words carry too much power? First of all, language can develop ones consciousness from infancy. Children learning the language are likely to absorb the cultural assumptions, myths and prejudice underlying language use. Social inequity reflected in language, thus, can powerfully shapes childrens later behaviors and attitudes. In this way, language affects socialization of the community where it belongs. The aim of this paper is to develop human perspectives on sexism in language, its manifestations and its negative impacts on women. From theory to practice, the paper, furthermore, equips its readers with relevant guidelines to stay away from unwittingly using sexist language and apply the gender-neutral language. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Sexism Language | Cultural Studies Dissertations" essay for you Create order Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Discrimination against women Sexism or gender discrimination means treating people differently on the grounds of their genders, which they were born to be. In a popular old feminist slogan, which goes You start by sinking into his arms and end up with your arms in his sink, the prevalence of sexism is beyond question. For years, men have held the dominant position of power and ruled the world while women have been considered inferior and useless. Even in our modern times, millions of women across the world are living in inequality, in injustice: their basic human rights are severely infringed due to no other reasons than their gender. Discrimination against women is manifested in numerous aspects of life such as education, work, enjoyment of benefits, freedom, power, etc. Take education as an example. Women, who make up 66% of the worlds illiterate adults, may account for 55% of college students but even after they successfully completed the same course of education or training, their equal work opportunities, and equal treatment in their career life are not guaranteed. Sex Discrimination in the Workplace According to Womens World Summit Foundation, globally, women perform 66% of the worlds work, but receive only 11% of the worlds income, and own only 1% of the worlds land. Also, a report released in August 2007 by the US Census Statistics showed that womens earnings in 2006 were 76.9% of mens,leaving the wage gap statisticallyunchanged fromlast year Unequal payment against women The manifestation of sexism can be found almost everywhere on earth, from most developed countries to developing countries and under-developed ones in Asia and Africa. In parts of the world, like China, India and Vietnam, parents may terminate the foetus or put the baby up to adoption on the basis that it is a girl. Abuses against women are social epidemics throughout the world. More often than not, men in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, South Africa, and Peru, etc. beat their wives and daughters at home at an astounding rate. In Ukraine, Nigeria, and Thailand, women are bought and sold, trafficked and forced to work as prostitutes. In the meantime, women in Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia tackle with discrimination that renders them unequal before the law. Even in the US, where freedom is believed to reach the extreme, breaking news and articles on polygamy keep showing up frequently in daily newspaper, radio and television. Recently, a huge scandal over a polygamist broke on the front page of all the papers. Warren Jeffs, head of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Texas, was convicted after he forced a 14-year-old girl to marry her cousin. That unfortunate girl is not the only case. Hundreds of other girls and women there suffer from the same ill-treatment. Members in the sect led by Jeffs believe that a man must marry at least three wives in order to ascend to heaven. Women are meanwhile taught that their path to heaven depends on being subservient to their husbands. 1.2. Gender Equality Thanks to the dawn of civilization, the vital roles of women have been recognized and gender equality has received major attention. Since the 1960s, feminism movements began and have blossomed all over the world. Peoples attitude and ways of thinking toward women have been changing positively. In many countries, girls have the opportunity to go to school and enjoy the same rights as their male classmates. The number of female employees in the workplace has risen up dramatically. A peak in social changes is the adoption of Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women by the United Nations General Assembly on December, 18th, 1979. It came into full force as an international treaty after the twentieth country ratified it on September, 3rd, 1981. In its approach, the Convention covers three dimensions of the situation of women. Civil rights and the legal status of women are dealt with in great detail. In addition, the Convention, unlike other human rights treaties, is also concerned with the dimension of human reproduction as well as with the impact of cultural factors on gender relations. The implementation of the Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The Committees mandate and the administration of the treaty are defined in the Articles 17 to 30 of the Convention. The Committee is composed of 23 experts nominated by their Governments and elected by the States parties as individuals of high moral standing and competence in the field covered by the Convention. At least every four years, the States parties are expected to submit a national report to the Committee, indicating the measures they have adopted to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. During its annual session, the Committee members discuss these reports with the Government representatives and explore with them areas for further action by the specific country. The Committee also makes general recommendations to the States parties on matters concerning the elimination of discrimination against women. 1.3. Language as the reflector of society Language is not merely a means of communication; rather, it connects people to each other in social relationships and allows them to participate in a variety of activities in daily life. There is a reciprocal relationship between language and the society in which the society dominates the kind of language spoken in its community. And in return, peoples thought is strongly affected by their languages. Every little change in the thought takes languages influence to the extreme, transcending the whole society. Consequently, under the canopy of sexism world, language in general or English in particular is greatly influenced and turns out to be sexist, creating Sexism in Language. For example, in the Western countries, the manifestation of sexist language emerged on the very early days in the Bible. This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day when God created man, he made him in the likeness of God. He created them male and female, and he blessed them and he named them Man in the day when they were created. (Genesis 5:1, 2) When Neil Armstrong, the legendary American astronaut, made his very first step on the moon, he uttered a memorable sentence: Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. If he had landed on the moon in the mid-90s, he would definitely have said a much more politically correct sentence: Thats one small step for a person, one giant leap for humankind. which is less poetic but certainly more literally representative of the whole of the human race. In the progressive, civilized world today, women and men are to be recognized equal. In the same vein, sexist language should not be welcomed and that is the reason why neutral-gender language is preferred to the sexist one by many people. 1.4. Aims and objectives There is a long way to go until the deep-rooted concept of sexism vanishes completely though a lot of changes have come in subtle ways through our actions, our movements, our laws,. As one more step towards this end, important things like the usage of words should be taken into consideration. If children are exposed to sexist words used by their parents, relatives since their childhood, they will take it for granted that sexism is not a matter, that language is language and that we just swim with the tide. Clearly, language may shape human thought. Therefore, in this paper, my overall aim and objectives are: To raise public awareness in using language. To help English learners to improve their understanding in sexist language. To provide information that, to some extent, shows English learners to the right track of language usage so as not to unwittingly offend or hurt anyone. To describe how discrimination against women appears in spoken and written language and explain what sexist language is and what meaning lies behind it. To manifest sexism in Vietnamese roughly and sexism in English in more details. Last but not least, to provide English users with some practical tips to avoid sexist language. Chapter 2 Review Of The Related Literature The relationship between language and gender has long been of interest within sociolinguistics and related disciplines. The possibility of eliminating sexism from language originally stems from the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that language is not only shaped by society, but society by its language. Since the early 1900s, Edward Sapir first identified a new concept, which is language determinism. In his perspectives, language defines the way a person behaves and thinks. He believed that language and the thoughts that we have are somehow interwoven, and that all people are equally being affected by the confines of their language. Later, Benjamin Whorf, Sapirs student, picked up on the idea of linguistic determinism and really made it his own. Whorf coined the so-called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is more properly referred to as the Whorf hypothesis. Under this hypothesis, language is believed to be more than a way of voicing ideas, but the element which shapes those ideas. One cannot think outside the confines of their language. Whorf put his whole trust in linguistic determinism; that what one thinks is fully determined by its language. He also supported linguistic relativity, which means that the differences in language reflect the different views of different people. For example, Whorf conducted a study on the Hopi language. He did research on a Hopi speaker who lived in New York City near the place he lived. He concluded that Hopi speakers do not include tense in their sentences, and therefore must have a different sense of time than other groups of people. On a parting note, the strong form of the hypothesis is not now widely believed. After all, speakers of one language can explain and understand the conceptual systems of another language. And grammatical categories do not thoroughly explain cultural systems. Indo-European languages put gender into a grammatical category, and their speakers may be sexist but speakers of Turkish or Chinese, languages without grammatical gender, are not notably less sexist. A weak form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that language influences without determining our categories of thought still seems justifiable, and is even backed up by some psychological experiments like the finding of Kay Kempton which depicts, in distinguishing colour triads, a pair distinguished by colour names can seem more distinct than a pair with the same name which are actually more divergent optically. As a field, prompted by the blossoming Western Womens Movement, language and gender really took off in the 1970s with particular interest from feminist researchers, in the potential for male dominance of mixed-gender talk such as men interrupting women more often than the reverse case or in the clarification of distinction between female and male speaking styles and in sexism, or sexist bias, in language. The year 1975 can be regarded as a milestone in the study of language and gender in the West. In that year three important books were published. They are Robin Lakoffs work Language and Womens Place, Thorne and Henleys co-edited collection named Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, and Keys book about Male /Female Language. With a closer look at Lakoffs book, he focuses especially on female use of woman talk in society and the problems women must overcome to be seen as effective, strong thinkers and speakers. The author uses classroom observations and examples to convey the idea that children are taught to speak politely and to accept peoples ideas. Ridicule from older boys causes boys around the age of five to stop using woman talk and adopt a masculine language. Girls sustain their old language and are discouraged from using masculine language. As for adults, a problem arises when women has to handle both business and personal relationships. They use neutral language for business but mostly feminine language when talking to friends. If they refuse to talk like ladies, they are ridiculed for being masculine, but they are also ridiculed when they use feminine language because they are seen as unable to speak forcefully. Basically, women are damned if they do and damned if they dont. Men, from childhood on, have taken control over the society and speech by using strong expressions while women have had to adapt their language to variations, no matter business or personal. For instance, a woman may say an idea is terrific in a board meeting, but when she is talking to her female friend she may utter that the idea is divine. The adjectives used vary with a womans environment. Because women have to make adjustments in their speech, Lakoff observes, most women never really master either language or feel comfortable using both. Therefore, the overall effect of womans talk is to engage a womans personal identity and her ideas, erasing the chance to take power. Thanks to observations, the author notes that women outnumbered men in utilizing more tag questions (questions that dont commit the speaker to an idea either way) because they want reassurance that their statement is correct. Lakoff concludes that womens speech is devised by society and taught to girls through socialization to prevent the expression of ideas that may increase womens status. A writer and administrator at Arizona State University, Nelsin P.A (1977) carried out a study of the dictionary prescribing sexism in English. Using richly detailed historical evidence, she disclosed how often English expresses sexist assumptions among males and females. In her study, she read a desk dictionary and jotted down note cards on every entry that seemed to refer to male and female. Her collection of note cards brought to her mind the association of English with the society. As for her, Language and society are intertwined as a chicken and an egg. The values and beliefs of a culture can be revealed through its language. A language may change fast as new words can be easily introduced but it also takes a whale of time for old words and usages to disappear. Based on Nilsens note cards, she found out three main points about the comparison between men and women: Women are sexy and Men are successful, Women are passive and Men are active and Women are connected with Negative Connotations; Men with Positive Connotations. More recently, Marlis Hellinger and Madumod Bussman (2002) (as cited in Ansary and Babaii 2005), two German linguists published their work Gender across Languages Linguistic representation of women and men. They have managed a long time of intensive preparation to create an outstanding project gathering linguists to present research on gender representation across 30 countries, namely China, Norway, Spain, Finland, Holland, Vietnam, etc. The project provides an incredible huge amount of new insights into the topic of linguistic representation of gender in different languages. Various pieces of linguistic research from different countries have been collected in three volumes. Each of the three volumes is introduced by an identical article of the editors giving some general information about the project, the topics to be discussed for the different languages in the volumes and the terminology used. Take Vietnamese research as an example. Ms. Hoa Pham manages to show in her very informative article in Vietnamese the role, social status and traditional values play for person reference forms. She focuses in her study on terms women and men use in various relationships in urban settings among young and/or educated people. Her study therefore emphasizes the role concrete communicational situations play in person reference. Vietnamese as a classifier language expresses gender mainly by special morphemes used as modifiers. The role gender specific reference takes and the way it is expressed is dependent on the communicational context including the relative status and age of the people addressed, speaking and referred to. Nevertheless, social changes play an important role here as well. Terms of address, self-reference and reference have changed in the last few decades with the change of womens roles in society. Chapter 3 Sexist Language 3.1 Background Definition Research on sex roles conducted by Swim, Mallett and Stangor (2004) indicates that sexism comes out in many forms, which are blatant, covert and subtle sexism. Both blatant sexism and covert sexism are defined as intended but differ from each other in the visibility. Blatant sexism which means unjust and discriminatory treatment of women relative to men is showed up obviously while covert sexism inclines to invisible ill-treatment of women. Compared to those two kinds, subtle sexism represents unfair treatment to women, which is hardly recognized for it is perceived as normative and conventional. Similar to covert sexism, subtle sexism is hidden away but it is not unintentionally harmful. In fact, subtle sexism is of particular interest of researchers due to its wide prevalence and adverse impacts on its victims. Sexist language is part and parcel of subtle sexism. It is the language which devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women, and thus foster gender inequality. In other words, sexist language consists of speeches and utterances that strengthens, perpetuates gender stereotypes and status differences between women and men. In a human life chart, sexist language may appear in the very first lines. Kids learn it from their parents, siblings, neighbors and as time passes by, it mutates and evolves into a linguistic habit. People may use sexist language for a handful of reasons. It may be owing to the tradition, the norm ingrained in current written and spoken language and hard to change. Some people lack the knowledge about what makes up sexist language. Some do not believe that such language is sexist. Others may attempt to uphold the hierarchism in their societies. 3.2 Sexism in English Is English sexist? There is nothing denying it. English, one of the worlds most spoken languages indeed proves to be sexist through its historical and current use. It has been a norm in the past to refer to individuals in general terms as being male as in the sentence: When an average British goes out in the rain, he takes an umbrella with him. To the ear of most of English speakers, the use of she and her in that context would sound a little strange. In deed, the word woman in English is defined in terms of man. From the Old English, the word man means person while woman clings to the view of wife of a person. In his translation of the Book of Genesis, which explained Eva was formed by a spare rib of Adam and Adam made his declaration: This is now bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. And the fact remains till today that woman derives from man as Winston Churchill put it: In grammar, as in love, the male embraces the female when he was asked by a feminist on this point. Ambiguities may occur when using only one word man for both sexes like in the following examples: Eg 1: Like other animals, man nourishes his baby with milk. Hearing such sentence could make people roll on the floor laugh because it sounds contradictory to the common sense. Eg 2: The Company only employs experienced men with good English command. The sentence could make listeners confused since they do not know what the exact sex that the Company wants to employ. Can experienced women with good English command or with much better qualities get a job in the Company? 3.3 Sexism in Vietnamese Under a thousands-of-years feudal regime, especially the prolonged domination of China, patriarchal ideology was adopted, nurtured and practiced by the whole Vietnamese society. Such ideology dominated the Vietnamese culture for quite a long time, breeding malicious disregard and contempt of women. Though Vietnam has endeavored to develop a country of gender equality, sexism still exists in many parts of the country, especially in rural areas. This is, to some extent, reflected through the societys conceptions of women in general and the sexist language people used when it comes to women in particular. Nht nam vit hu, thp n vit v The above sentence can be read literally One boy child, write yes, ten girl children, write no. Right at birth, a gender discrimination barrier was set up between a male and a female. The saying affirms the dominant role of the male the family clan and yet if the baby turns out to be a daughter, her existence would mean nothing: her name will not be registered in the family tree. This perspective of the Vietnamese older generations, unfortunately lingers on. In reality, it is common in Vietnam that a poor couple may already have a dozen of daughters but still wish for more until they have a son who will be considered the only heir to the familys property and tradition. The concept of Tam tng adopted from Confucius philosophy has been spread out widely from generation to generation in Vietnamese families. Ti gia tng ph, xut gi tng phu, phu t tng t means a girl, since her birth, is a belonging of her father; after she gets married, she becomes a property of her husband and even when her husband passes away, she belongs to their son. In all the stages of her life, the woman has never lived, even for a minute, as an independent human being but an item passed over from one man to another. She cannot make a decision for her own life. Vietnamese literature contains a staggering amount of sexist proverbs and folk- songs where men are deemed to be superior to women. Phn gi c hai bn sng, Bn c th chu, bn trong th nh . The two sentences in the folk-song describe the unpredictable fate of women. They have to accept and unconditionally obey the decision made by her parents whether it is right or wrong one. If , for example, a woman was fortunate enough to marry a good man, she could live a happy life. Otherwise, she would have to endure all the hardships, misery or even sufferings for the rest of her life. The unpredictability of a womans life in the past can be found in many other folk-songs and old poems such as: Thn em nh ht ma xa Ht ri xung ging ht vo vn hoa. Thn em trng phn em trn Bay ni ba chm vi nc non Rn nt mc u tay k nn.. Not only Vietnamese women lost their freedom, did they also suffer from the disrespect for their intelligence and education. n ng nng ni ging khi. n b su sc nh ci ng tru. Literally translated, a man may act hastily but his thought is likened to a deep well whereas a woman may think deeply but her thought is just as narrow as the platter of betel. These two sentences implied a gross underestimate of womens mind in comparison with men. In the old days, women had almost no access to education and very few opportunities to communicate with the outside world. For this reason, women at that time were not as knowledgeable as men who were granted a preference to pursue their study. Women can also mean misfortune or bad luck, which is clearly expressed in the following tip-of-the-tongue saying: Ra ng gp gi. This expression says when you go out in the morning, if the first person you meet is a female, you are deemed to fail to gain what you planned to do or you may face with some trouble or even with an accident. A lot of Vietnamese, especially old and rural people, remain sexist in their language usage. They now often say, for example, n b th lm c g!, which covers the idea that women are worthless and women are never able to do anything serious or important. The word gi which used to refer to the prime time of a female now comes to be used in many contexts as a derogatory term, for example: gi y (thats a whore.), gi gi y (thats a call girl), gi ga (thats a stuff of widow), gi (thats a promiscuous stuff), etc. Those judgements, nevertheless, no longer holds water in the 21st century Vietnam society, in which women enjoy the same right to go to school and interact socially with others. It is a society where men and women are equal in all aspects: a great number of women are now members of Parliament, senior officials in the government, leaders in a number of industries, honoured professors and doctors. Chapter 4 Sexist English Its Manifestations Language can be likened to a social phenomenon, closely related to social attitudes. What happens in our daily life is partly reflected in our language. The existence of sexist language depicts in the pervasion of sexism in our day-by-day conversations, in our messages, and in our thoughts. In the past, women were supposed to stay at home, remaining powerless and generally subordinates to men whereas men were the focus, the centre of the family and even the whole society. Women have been looked down on as the weaker sex and should be dependent on men. Language simply reflects social facts. 4.1. Ways of addressing Addressing practices for men and women are asymmetric. Inequality is implied when different endearments Mrs. and Miss are used for women in different situations while men are associated with only one endearment Mr. Choosing a title for women depends on their marital status. If a woman is still single, she will be called Miss but after she gets married (or was married as with widow), the title will be changed into Mrs. Thereby, when noticing how a woman is addressed, people can tell that woman has made a wedding vow or not. Using title Mr. before the name of a person, on the other hand, merely shows that the person is a male adult. The term Mr., used for both single and married men, has perfectly masked the marital status of a man. This linguistic distinction implies that it is more important for woman than man to show whether one is married. However, in a modern and civilized society, a womans avowed commitment to another human being which characterizes a marriage is a personal and private matter that bears no relevance in the public sphere. Hence, women should be able to enjoy the same status with the male counterparts who do not need to define themselves in terms of marriage. 4.2. Terms ending in man refer to functions performed by both sexes In English, there is a huge amount of male-oriented words (those contain the element man) that can in fact apply to both sexes. In deed, when referring to students newly joined a university, the word freshmen is used as if all new students were male. For example:chairmancongressmancouncilman newsmanforemanfreshman policemansalesmanmailman Occupational nouns and job titles ending in -man obscure the presence of women in such professions and positions. For a long period of time, women are deserted from power and the right to voice their opinion in such fields as politics. Hence, it is common sense to view jobs like congressman as for male only, discounting the fact that the number of women making contribution to the political arena is skyrocketing. 4.3. Sex-linked modifiers While male-oriented words are used for both sexes, some other words, especially name of some professions which can be applied for both sexes, are habitually associated with male only. In order to refer to female of those professions, we have to add a modifier such as woman, lady or girl before each name of profession albeit those names of common gender. Common Gender Female DoctorWoman doctor ProfessorWoman professor EngineerWoman engineer LawyerLady lawyer ReporterGirl reporter The addition of modifier is a piece of evidence for discrimination against women as it reflects the perspective that women are appendages of men. 4.4. Bound morpheme used for a feminine form of a noun Gender discrimination in language also shows in the fact that a feminine noun of some words can only be obtained by adding a bound morpheme. For example: MALEFEMALEMALEFEMALE ManWomanManagerManageress PrincePrincessGodGoddess AuthorAuthoressMayorMayoress CountCountessShepherdShepherdess HostHostessStewardStewardess PoetPoetessUsherUsherette HeirHeiressSailorSailorette HeroHeroineConductorConductette 4.5. Words that point to Marriage issue In a wedding ceremony, after the couple exchange their rings, the priest will utter his last words: I pronounce you man and wife to officially recognise the connection between two human beings. In the priests sentence, there is a lack of parallelism in man and wife. After marriage, the man remains the status of a man while the woman shifts her status into the wife of a man. In a traditional Christian wedding, the official asked Who gives the bride away. And the father would reply I do or Her mother and I do but there in the question lied an inherent problem. The idea that the bride is something to be handed over from one man to another conjures up images of the day when wife and children of a man were considered his properties and establishes the woman in the subservient role of wife. More interestingly, there is much linguistic evidence depicting that weddings are more important to women than to men. A woman cherishes the wedding and is considered a bride for a whole year, but a man is referred to as a groom only on the wedding day. The word bride appears in bridal attendant, bridal gown, bridesmaid, bridal shower, and even bridegroom. The word groom comes from the Middle English word grom, meaning man and in the sense is seldom used outside of the wedding. With most pairs of male/female words, people habitually put the masculine word first, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kingsand queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls, and host and hostess, but it is the bride and groom who are talked about, not the groom and bride. The importance of marriage to a woman is also shown by the fact that when amarriage ends in death, the woman gets the title of widow. A man gets the derivedtitle of widower, which is not used in other phrases or contexts, but widow is seenin widowhood, widows peak, and widows walk. A widow in a card game is an extra hand of cards while in type setting it is an extra line of type. Another way in which male are treated differently from female is the contrast between bachelor and spinster. A bachelor is used to describe a man who is single and who may or may not be divorced. Divorcee refers to single women who were previously married while there is no such word for single women who have never been married. The term spinster is highly pejorative since it tells about a woman who has been left unmarried, to make it clear, who has been left unmarried in this case is a lesser being than a male who chooses not to be married. A bachelor does not bring to mind the image of failure, relegation and rejection as the word spinster does. Does anyone look for a spinster? Mostly not. 4.6. Less favourable meaning in a pair of words derived from same root It is discriminatory when a pair of words may have the same denotation but differ in connotation and in most of the cases, the female word has less favourable meaning than the male one. Take the pair master and mistress as an example. The surface meaning of master is the host while mistress means the hostess. The word mistress, however, must possess another underlying meaning in the sentence That young guy is fed up with his wife and usually goes out for a mistress. Clearly, mistress in this context no longer contains the meaning of a hostess but a partner for adultery. Similarly, female meaning of the pair governor and governess carries a negative connotation. Governor means the person who governs a state or a province whereas Governess simply refers to a nurse maid. Another word of this type is professional. When someone says That man is a professional, the listener will think of a professional boxer or football player. By contrast, when saying Shes a professional, the speaker wants to imply that the woman is a sex worker. Same situation occurs to the word tramp. It is another slang used to denote a prostitute. But when the word tramp goes with a man, it definitely does not refer to a sex worker but a homeless person, who always has to move from one place to another and stays jobless most of the time. The case is no different to the phrase The woman in the street, in which the woman are supposed to work as a prostitute. Meanwhile the phrase The man in the street has no other meaning than an ordinary man. Wizard and witch contrast almost as much. The masculine wizard implies skill and wisdom combined with magic, while the feminine witch implies evil intentions combined with magic. In the same vein, the word shrew taken from the name of a small but especially vicious animal is defined in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary as an ill-tempered scolding woman, but the word shrewd taken from the same root is defined as marked by clever, discerning awareness and is illustrated with the phrase a shrewd businessman. It is worth noticing that in his writing, Liu (2001) affirmed that the sexually promiscuous words used for female are far more popular than for male. In North American, the English sexually oriented words for women reach 220 while the number of such type of words for men remains at 20. Schoolchildren in London extend their huge vocabulary on the offensive terms against women (which are often related to sexual behaviour) outstrips that against men. 4.7. Whats in a name? The name that people give to their children show their hopes and dreams they cherish for them. This explains why perusing the differences between male and female names of a culture can somehow unfold the cumulative expectations of that culture. Based on Nilsens proposition, in Western world, girl names normatively stick with small, lovely, precious items like Ruby, Jewel, Pearl. Esther and Stella mean star while Ada means ornament and Vanessa means butterfly. Names with meanings related to strength and power, on the other hand, are more likely to be applied to boys. e.g., Neil means champion, Martin is from Mars, the God of War, Raymond means wise protection, Harold means chief of the army, Ira means vigilant, Rex means king, and Richard means strong king. A couple of generations ago, Beverly, Francis, Hazel, Marion, and Shirley were common boys names.As these names were given to more and more girls only, parents feel odd when using them for their sons these days, and some elderly men who have been given these names long time ago prefer to go by their initials or by such abbreviated forms as Haze or Shirl. 4.8. Singular Masculine Pronouns From the very first moment of ones life, the sex of newly born baby is hidden behind the pronoun he. In the hospital instructions, new parents are reminded: When bathing baby, never leave him unattended. Plainly, in theory, he refers to members of either sex. In the shadow of the dominant masculine pronouns like he, women are often linguistically invisible. The common use of he is believed to be resulted from the male-centered world view and male cultural dominance since the 16th and 17th centuries. During that period, the first grammars of modern English were written. The male authors of these grammar books wrote mainly for male readers as very few women were literate. However, grammar of that period contained no indication that masculine pronouns could refer to both sexes. Only when some grammarian tried to shift the long-established tradition of using they as a singular pronoun, did he start to be used as a generic pronoun. In 1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction to the recently invented concept of the generic he. In the language used in acts of Parliament, the new law regulated, words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females. Since then, language used in similar contracts and other legal documents helped reinforce the exercise of the generic use of he. However, most people in English speaking countries considered he as men only. Consequently, sentences like You should take your daughter to see a dentist, he can help her relief the toothache imply that all dentists are men. To push the point further, think of this sentence: The average American needs the small routines of getting ready for work. As he shaves or blow-dries his hair or pulls on his panty hose, he is easing himself by small stages into the demands of the day. The first image comes to mind when hearing this sentence is a weird man putting on female clothes, not an American woman. The use of he confuses many people, who generally do not consider it a generic pronoun but a masculine pronoun. In fact, the male pronouns he, him, his are used automatically as a representative for all humanity like in the sentence: Every good citizen should love his country more than himself; he should be ready to die for it if the need arises. Is there any country on earth which consists of men only and without any woman? It is impossible. This means that using the generic he is problematic because it often leads the users to omit the appearance of female elements. 4.9. Sexism in proverbs, idioms quotes According to wikipedia, a proverb is also called a byword, a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses the truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. Although proverbs are said to be pearls of wisdom of a nation, some of them are not true wisdom, but misleading notions which uphold prejudice against women. In an English proverb, He who follows his wifes advice will never see the face of God, we can clearly feel the wicked underlines by which men show their prejudice towards women. But this is not the end. We have sayings even worse, like: A neck without a head, buttocks without a hole and a girl without shame are not worth admiring or marrying. A woman has even cheated the devil. A woman is like a lemon; you squeeze her and throw her away. Seven women in their right senses are surpassed by a mad man. Women have long hair and short sense. A womans tongue cracks bones. Some proverbs are built based on the misunderstanding about women like myth that women are much more talkative than men in the following examples: A womans tongue wags like a lambs tail. Many women, many words; many geese, many turds. Words are women, deeds are men. Three women and a goose make a market. Furthermore, sexism can also be found in idioms. . Good food! Delicious women! was once quoted as an example by the linguist Nilsen (1977) to explain the feminine role in the American culture and their image in peoples mind. He points out that it is common to compare the female with delicious food in English. Obviously womens role is not appreciated as much as mens. Some other examples are: When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women. A man is successful, a woman is sexy. A man of straw is worth of a woman of gold. Shakespeare once said, Frailty, thy name is women. English satirist Swift once pointed out that the saying a married woman has nothing of her own but her wedding-ring and her hair-lace reflected the low status of women. Words uttered by renowned respectable philosophers carry numerous meaning and extend overwhelming influence on the rest of the world. The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities. (Aristotle) Women should remain at home, sit still, keep house and bear and bring up children. (Martin Luther, 1483-1546) The souls of women are so small that some believe theyve none at all. (Samuel Butler, 1612-80) What a misfortune to be a woman. (Soren Kierkegaard, 1813-55) Chapter 5 Guidelines To The Use of Non Sexist Language Our Language and Society reflect each other so it is important for us as communicators to recognize, respect and adapt to changes in the meaning and acceptability of words. Concern about sexist language is part of increased awareness that the meaning of some words have been transcending in response to the changing roles of men and women in todays world. If one writes with non-sexist language, one will represent the fairness of gender in many words. Gender-fair language minimizes unnecessary concern about gender in the subject matter, allowing the readers to focus on what people do rather than on which sex they happen to be. For example, the practice of using he and man as generic terms poses a common problem. Rather than presenting a general picture of reality, he and man used generically can mislead the audience. Research by Wendy Martyna has shown that the average readers tendency is to imagine a male when reading he or man, even if the rest of the passage is gender-neutral. Therefore, no one can be sure that their readers will see the woman on the job if they refer to every technician as he, or that the readers will see the woman in the history of man. 5.1. Titles and Naming Practices The title Ms. was introduced so as to not disclose the martial status of a woman and clear out qualms for people when having to guess between Miss and Mrs, which should be used to address a strange woman. Ms. should be used for a woman whose title preference is unknown. It should be followed by the womans own name, or if she prefers, her spouses name. Any given names or initials used in connection with the title Ms. should be invariably the womans and not those of her spouse. The title Ms. does not change whether singular or plural. The pronunciation of Ms may vary but Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionaryrecommends /mz/. However, it is worth noting that when a woman spell out her own preferred title (whether Ms., Mrs. or Miss), her decision should be respected. Additionally, many women, these days, have gained professional and academic titles previously associated mainly with men. It is therefore important not to assume that all holders of titles such as Dr., Professorand Captain are men and therefore address them as Sir or refer to them as he or him. When it comes to letters, notes, reports and the like, the writers frequently know very little about the contact person or people. Without any idea about the sex of those people, it is hard to choose the correct title to address them. In such cases, the use of the salutation like Dear Sir or Dear Sirs is no longer acceptable. The following are some suggested ways of addressing: Dear Sir/Madam; Dear Sir or Madam; Dear Madam/Sir; Dear Madam or Sir Dear Principal; Dear Householder Dear Officer; Dear Customer Dear Colleague; Dear Subscriber Dear Gentlemen and Ladies; Dear Ladies and Gentlemen Dear Mackenzie Pty Ltd (in case of a company); Dear People (informal) Dear Mr. Benetti; Dear R. Benetti (sex unknown); Dear Mr./Ms. Benetti Dear Mrs. Braun; Dear Ms. Braun (if title preference unknown) It is also acceptable to address reports and references to To whom it may concern if the recipient is unknown to the writer. The use of the persons first name and surname only in salutations, e.g. Dear Pat Katspouski, has become popular in cases where the persons title (and/or sex) is unknown. Writers when replying to correspondence signed jointly by a man and a woman, should bear in mind that they need to acknowledge both the man and the woman in the salutation in the same order and form in which their names appear in the correspondence. 5.2. Gender-neutral Pronouns Beware of the problems and confusion that the masculine pronouns he, him, his may cause, it is recommended to not use those pronouns as for generic use and shift to other alternatives. The first alternative is to use they as a singular in informal communication. Most people, when writing and speaking informally, rely on singular they as a matter of course: If you love someone, set them free (Sting) Its enough to drive anyone out of their senses (George Bernard Shaw). I shouldnt like to punish anyone, even if theyd done me wrong (George Eliot). Some people are annoyed by the incorrect grammar that this solution necessitates, but this construction is used more and more frequently. Secondly, instead of using he alone, it is possible to create an option he or she to make a gender-neutral sentence. Despite the charge of clumsiness, double-pronoun constructions have made a comeback: To be black in this country is simply too pervasive an experience for any writer to omit from her or his work, (Samuel R. Delany). Overuse of this solution can be awkward, however. On the flip side, replacing every he with he or she attracts even more attention to gender and defeats authors purpose. Pluralizing can be another safe way to be considered. A writer can often switch a statement from singular form to plural form and thereby, change the whole writing into gender-neutral plural pronouns. For instance, instead of As he advances in his program, the medical student has increasing opportunities for clinical work, the writer may try As they advance in their program, medical students have increasing opportunities for clinical work. A small trick that can be applied is eliminating pronouns. That means the communicators should avoid having to use pronouns. If the sentence a first grader can feed and dress himself sounds sexist, why does the speaker remake it as a first grader can eat and get dressed without assistance.? The audience still gets the message of the speaker across while the corrected sentence prevents them from hastily jumping into conclusion that the first graders are all men. Moreover, try to avoid conditional structures, usually introduced by if or when, which normally requires for the use of pronouns. Last but not least, passive voice can be useful in case of removing gender-inclusive pronouns. For instance, in stead of If a students wishes to avoid sex bias in his writing, he should examine these alternatives, the writer may recast it by using passive voice These alternatives should be examined by any students who wish to avoid sex bias in writing. 5.3. Alternative for man By using man as representative for a group which include women, the writer misrepresents the species as male. The best solution to this problem is to replace man with a variety of non-sexist words like human, person, mortal and their variations such as humankind, human beings, humanity, human race and people. For example: From the original sentence: The effect of PCBs has been studied extensively in rats and man. Into a gender-neutral utterance: The effect of PCBs has been studied extensively in rats and humans. It is also recommendable to use a more descriptive or inclusive words like worker in replacement for work-men, adult-sized or sizeable for man-sized. For example: From the original sentence: The governor signed the workmens compensation bill. Into a gender-neutral one: The governor signed the workers compensation bill. The use of man should also be avoided in idioms and phrases when the author or speaker clearly intends the expression to include both women and men. Expressions such as the best man for the job or the man on the land not only make womens presence and achievements in the workforce invisible but can also lead to discrimination. Alternatives for some common expressions are suggested below: The man in the street: the average citizen, the average person, an ordinary person, ordinary people; The best man for the job: the best candidate or applicant, person for the job, the best man or woman for the job; Man to man: person to person. Man of the year: citizen of the year or employee of the year. In gender-specific contexts, expressions such as man to man, woman to woman, one-woman show and one-man show are appropriate. 5.4. Occupational nouns and Job titles Many job titles trivialize women or diminish their stature by using feminine suffixes such as -ess, -ette, -trix, or -enne, making unnecessary reference to the persons sex. Those suffixes suggest triviality, unimportance, or inferiority of women occupying such a position. Thus, the best way to assure gender equality is to eliminate those suffixes and use the general titles that can be applied for both sexes. For example: Current Usage Alternatives ActressActor Aviatrix Aviator Comedienne Comedian Executrixes Executors Heroines Heroes Hostesses Hosts Proprietress Proprietor Suffragette Suffragist Similarly, the use of sex-linked modifiers like lady or girl sounds gratuitous. Occupational words or job titles with sex-linked modifiers suggest that the norm for some occupations is for a particular sex. For women should be shown as participating equally with men, generic terms, such as doctor, lawyer and nurse should be assumed to apply equally to a man and a woman. For example: Current Usage Alternatives Lady Doctor Doctor Woman writer Writer Female lawyer Lawyer Male nurse Nurse 5.5. Stereotyped images describing men and women If women and men have similar characters, parallel language should be used to describe them. Avoid stereotyped generalizations about mens and womens characters and patterns of behaviour. For instance, if a man or a woman each has a determined and strong attitude, do not describe him as forceful and her as pushy. Portray and describe both women and men in a variety of roles and occupations. Take care in the description of people whose main or sole occupation consists of doing unpaid work in the home. They should not be described as a woman/man who does not work. Their work should not be depicted as unimportant or worthless. Terms such as working mother and working wife should be used with care because they may imply that non-wage-earning women do not work. Expressions such as the weaker sex, the fair sex, he acted like an old woman and old wives tales should be avoided as they are belittling and insulting to women. Sometimes it is implied that women are naturally less competent than men. When describing a couple (man and woman), treat both partners as equals. If mentioning women and men together, do not always list the man first but try to alternate the order in which women and men are described. Chapter 6 Conclusion Sexism in language is a social phenomenon that happens around the world. Not only in English and Vietnamese, but in many other languages, women are the victims of evil-intentioned jokes or proverbs. Afghan jokes and folklore are blatantly sexist, such as this proverb: If you see an old man, sit down and take a lesson; if you see an old woman, throw a stone. Confucius, one of the most influential figures in China in particular and Eastern world in general perpetuated the patriarchal society with his sexist statements like: A hundred women are not worth a single testicle. Language is like an X-ray in providing visible evidence of invisible thoughts. Sexism has existed in peoples mind for decades. It is impossible to make people transform their mindset over one day or one night. It requires numerous and unceasing efforts of the whole society. Since language is the reflector of human beings thoughts, to eliminate sexism in language, the most crucial work which needs to done first and foremost is to eliminate the concept of prejudice in human thoughts. As Maggio R. (1989) (as cited in Liu, 2001) puts it: It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might. As stated in the beginning of this paper, one of my aims is to raise the awareness of people or in other words, to avoid errors may unconsciously have when using sexist language. The best thing about people being interested in and discussingsexist language is that, as they make conscious decisions about what pronouns theywill use, what jokes they will tell or laugh at, how they will write their names, or how they will begin their letters, they are forced to think about the underlying issue of sexism. The mandate is dont succumb to social old bad habits and be more intelligent and more progressive in promoting change. References Adams, S. (1997, Winter). Gender and God. Retrieved April, 28 2008 from https://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/articles/gendergod.html Agha, A. (2007). Language and Social Relations. Cambridge University Press. Ansary, H and Babaii, E. (2005). Subliminal Sexism in ESL/EFL textbooks. Retrieved May, 8, 2008, from https://www.asian-efl-journal.com/march03.sub1.php Chetty, A. (2005, November). Sexism prescribed by Language. Gender Links Opinion and Commentary Service. Retrieved April, 28, 2008, from https://www.a-z-dictionaries.com/blog/website-reviews/star-sexism-prescribed-by-language_34 Convention on Elimination of all Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). (2007). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and Gender. Cambridge University Press. Facts about Violence against Women (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2008 from https://www.dosomething.org/node/38318 Gender Fair. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2008, from Open University University of the Philippins website https://www.upou.org/gender/gender_fair.htm Guidelines on the Use of Gender-free Language. (.n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2008, from Queen University website https://www.qub.ac.uk/eou/policiesprocedures/genderfreelang.html Jacobson, C. (n.d.) Some notes on Gender-neutral Language. Retrieved May 15, 2008 from https://www.english.upenn.edu/~cjacobso/gender.html Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Womans Place. New York: Harper Row. Liu, X. (2004). Sexism in Language. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from https://www.ewritermagazine.com/December%202005/Sexism.htm Martyna W. (1980) Beyond the He/Man Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language, Signs, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 482-493 The University of Chicago Press. Marlowe, M. (2005, January). The Gender-Neutral Language Controversy. Retrieved from May 15, 2008 from https://www.bible-researcher.com/inclusive.html Mills, S. (2003, January). Third Wave Feminist Linguitics and The Analysis of Sexism. Discourse Analysis Online. Retrieved May, 15, 2008 from School of Cultural Studies, Sheffield Hallam University website https://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/cs/teaching/slm/index.html Nilsen, A. (1977). Sexism in Language. Retrieved April, 28, 2008 from https://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/articles/sexinEnglish.html Proverbs (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2008 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb Redfern, J. (n.d.). Gender Fair Language. Retrieved May 15, 2008 from https://www.rpi.edu/web/writingcenter/genderfair.html Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (n.d.). Retrieved April, 28, 2008 from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir-Whorf_hypothesis Sexism (n.d.) Retrieved May 8, 2008, from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism Swim, J., Mallett, R., and Stangor, C. (2004, August). Understanding suble sexism: detection and use of sexist language. Sex Roles A Journal of Research. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from www.springerlink.com/index/V6204116H3K45494.pdf Texan, S. (n.d.). Sexism, Language and Society. Retrieved April, 28, 2008, from https://www.myleftwing.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1424 The Creation of Meaning through Language. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2008 from https://theorem.ca/~mvcorks/meaning_language.html US Sect leader made girl marry. (2007, September). Retrieved April, 15, 2008 from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6994194.stm Wallechinsky, D., and Wallace, I. (1981) About sexism in language, a look at the power of words in our ideas of feminism and women, development in history. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from https://www.trivia-library.com/a/feminism-ideas-and-sexism-in-language-part-3.htm Warren, V. (n.d.). Guidelines for Non-sexist use of Language in APA. Retrieved May 15, 2008 from https://www.apa.udel.edu/apa/publications/texts/nonsexist.html What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (n.d.). The Ultimate Learn and Resource Centre. Retrieved April, 28, 2008 from https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/linguistics/29-What-is-the-Sapir-Whorf-hypothesis.html Welford, J.; Green, S., Smothers, C. (n.d.). Sexism in the English Language. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from https://www.helium.com/items/762879-english-language-others-indeed

Monday, May 18, 2020

Spartan Oligarchy - 1099 Words

Superior Spartan Oligarchy Superiority is defined as being of higher grade or quality. And while the Athenian democracy has been able to become somewhat of a staple in modern society, in its time, it was the Spartan’s oligarchic system that allowed them to create such a strong society. It was a society that thrived on its strong political system based around a strong military. It is undeniable that in the time in which they both existed, the Spartan Oligarchy was superior to the Athenian Democracy. The evidence is clear through the system of checks and balances and the Spartan military, as well as the faults of the Athenian democratic, proving that the Spartan oligarchy was superior to Athenian democracy. â€Å"[In government] the†¦show more content†¦Although Athenian democracy allowed for the citizens of Athens to select their own political bodies, however this may not have always been such a good idea. In the Athenian academic system the learning was centered mainly on the languages and writing.(Ancient Greece) There was not very much access to the political knowledge of the world at that time. Since there was a much smaller pool of knowledge at their disposal it did not always make sense to have people who were quite uneducated in the manor of formal government, to be selecting people to rule their city. While it did allow for all people to have a say, the rulers in Sparta were appointed at an elder age allowing them to use their previous knowledge to make decisions. While the Athenian system may select those who were capable, the Spartan system ensured that there would always be capable leaders in charge. â€Å"Insanity in individuals is something rare - but in groups, parties, nations and epochs, it is the rule.†(Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil) This is something that must be considered when looking at democracy. While one person may not have the ability to put some insane idea into fruition, a whole group of people believing together could behave very destructive consequences. Plato once stated, â€Å"Democracy... is a charming form of government, full of variety and disorder; and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequals alike.†Show MoreRelatedThe Political Systems Of The Hellenic World1130 Words   |  5 Pages At the time of Pericles , there were about a 1000 poleis around the Aegon, in Ionia, Italia, and in the area of the Black Sea. The political systems would vary, majority of the states would have a combination of systems at work; frequently oligarchy, with strong influence of the local aristocracy, with the addition of some undertone of democracy in the form of People s Assembly. The Greek ruling classes wanted the people to participate in the political process; they understood that it mightRead MoreAncient Greeks Vs. Ancient Greece1097 Words   |  5 Pageshistorical backgrounds. 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He threw out the debt of the poorRead MoreAthens vs. Sparta Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesAthens vs. Sparta During the times of Ancient Greece, two major forms of government existed, democracy and oligarchy. The city-states of Athens and Sparta are the best representatives of democracy and oligarchy, respectively. The focus of the times was directed towards military capabilities, while the Athenians were more interested in comfort and culture. It was the oligarchy in Sparta that put a war-like attitude as its first priority and best met the needs of Ancient Greece. These factorsRead MoreAncient Greek And Greek History997 Words   |  4 Pagesculture. Even though they had same cultural background such as same language or same religions, their political systems were very different. There were three types of political systems adapted by ancient Greek. Athens had democracy while Sparta had Oligarchy. Corinth had Tyranny. 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